How did imperialism affect Europe’s influence around the world?

Key terms:

           imperialism- a policy of extending a country's power and influence through diplomacy or 

                                    military force

           Meiji rebellion (Japan) - traditionalists rebelled and brought power back to emperor of Japan 

          Thanks to imperialism, Europe's influence on other parts of the world changed. Increased European influence over Japan led to the Meiji Rebellion (defined above). 

           Also, Europe aided in the contraction of the Ottoman Empire. The Ottoman Empire was known as the "sick man of Europe" because Europe was supporting the Turks and keeping the Ottoman Empire afloat in order to keep a buffer between Russia and the Mediterranean.

 

 

Works Cited and Other Sources:

 

Smith, Bonnie G., Marc van de Vieroop, Richard van Glahn, and Kris Lane.

      Crossroads and Cultures: A History of the World's Peoples. United Sates of America: Bedford/  
      St. Martin's, 2012. Online.


More information on: http://education-portal.com/academy/lesson/european-imperialism-characteristics-motives-effects.html#lesso

 
John Green Crash Course video about imperialism:

Timeline: Imperialism and Nation-State Formation

Timeline of important events and occurrences in this time period:

Isabella T. on Dipity.

How did imperialism help, hurt, or change various states?

Key terms:

                 -Imperialism:  a policy of extending a country's power and influence through diplomacy
                  or military force

     The most prominent positive example of imperialism impacting a nation positively is the formation of Germany.

    In the late nineteenth century Otto von Bismarck was appointed by the King of Prussia as the Prime Minister. His main reasoning to do so was he wanted to build a large army despite the protests of his people. His plan was a success, and Bismarck used this large army to war against several other neighboring nations. After several wars, including one with France and Austria-Hungry, the Prussian territory was greatly expanded. These swift victories lead to unification of the previously splintered German states under the King of Prussia.

      Another positive example of the impact of imperialism on a nation is the unification of Italy.

      Camillo di Cavour was the Prime Minister of Piedmont-Sardinia. His goal was to achieve a unified Italy. At this time, in this region Austria was the strongest militaristic power and the only threat to Italian unity. After diplomatic arrangements were made with the French, he provoked Austria to invade.  Other Italian kingdoms rushed to support the defense of Cavour's kingdom. The Italians won decisive battles and in 1861 the kingdom of Italy was established.

    Not every attempt of nation building or imperialism was successful. Some even ending up harming the country. The most prominent example of this is the country of Brazil.

      Pedro II was the primary advocate for nation building and imperialism in Brazil. He ruled for more than five decades. Attempts to create a stronger more unified nation turned against him. He tried to centralize Brazil by gaining more control over wealthy landowners. In 1850 he ended the slave trade, in 1888 he abolished slavery. Wars fought against the country of Paraguay increased its territory, revenue and national unity. In the end his many reforms, especially in reference to slavery, turned against him and in 1889 Pedro was overthrown. The country began to be ruled by the large landowners, each ruling over his own sector. All progress that was made under Pedro was reversed. 

Sources:

Smith, Bonnie G., Marc van de Vieroop, Richard van Glahn, and Kris Lane.

      Crossroads and Cultures: A History of the World's Peoples. United Sates of America: Bedford/
      St. Martin's, 2012. Online.

Key People and Events

List of key people and events in this time period:

- Many nation-states modernized, including Brazil, Russia, Italy, and Germany
        - Emperor Pedro II tried to centralize the government and ended slavery altogether in Brazil.
        - General Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna:  a caudillo (men at the head of an unofficial band of
          warriors who controlled the countryside by force) that acted as a temporary dictator. His 'reign'
          became known as the "Age of Santa Anna" in Mexico. During the Mexican-American War, he
          acted as a "Defender of the Homeland".
        - Mexican-American War
        - Crimean War: war between Russia and the Ottoman Empire; France and Great Britain fought
          against Russia in order to defend the Ottoman's sovereignty
        - Serfs in Russia emancipated
        - Great Reforms in Russia
    - Tsar Nicholas I: ruled during Crimean War
        -Tsar Alexander II: ruled during Great Reform and emancipation of the serfs
        - Camillo di Cavour: prime minster of the kingdom on Piedmont Sardinia in Italy; head of the
          rebirth of the Italian state
        - Italy became unified by a sense of nationalism
        - Otto Von Bismarck: Prussian minister and president
        - Germany formed by Prussia

- The United States and Japan emerged in power
        - Westward Expansion of the U.S.
        - Mexican-American War
        - Civil War in U.S.
        - Manifest Destiny in U.S.
        - Trail of Tears in United States
        - Meiji Rebellion in Japan

What were the effects of nationalism on various peoples and regions?

Key terms:
                  - Nationalism: a feeling of allegiance to ones' government
 

Prussia united towns and cities in their territory by using the liberal businessmen and conservative military's enthusiasm toward having one, unified state. This unified State became Germany. The people were eager to unify, showing clear nationalism.

Also, during a time of "rebirth" for the Italians, Camillo di Cavour promoted economic development. This economic development led to increased nationalism. This nationalism, in turn, led to even more growth.


Another effect of nationalism was that the Japanese Meiji Rebellion brought all power back to emperor. The Japanese reformists wanted to keep outside cultures out of Japan and bring the emperor back to complete power and control. This was called the Meiji Rebellion; the nationalism felt by the reformists caused the emperor to come back to full power over Japan once more.



https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nPhi7mZmsSY

In other cases, nation-states went through certain wars, etc. to emerge with a sense of nationalism. During the period of the Mexican-American War, the American sense of nationalism fell dramatically; a civil war began over the decision if the land gained would have slavery or not. the Civil War quickly became a war to end slavery altogether. After the Civil War ended (the north won and slavery was abolished), the United States went through a period where they 'went after' the Native Americans.

Sources:

More information on Camillo di Cavour at: http://www.ohio.edu/chastain/ac/cavour.htm

Smith, Bonnie G., Marc van de Vieroop, Richard van Glahn, and Kris Lane.

      Crossroads and Cultures: A History of the World's Peoples. United Sates of America: Bedford/
      St. Martin's, 2012. Online.

How did anti-imperialism affect the Ottoman Empire’s territories?

Key terms:
                 -anti-imperialism: movement against imperialism that originated in Europe in opposition to  
                  growing European colonial empires and the United States' control of the Philippines in the 
                  late 19th and early 20th centuries

               - Turks: people of Ottoman Empire

Basically, the Ottoman Empire's control and power dismissed greatly. The ottoman emire became the "sick man of Europe"; Russia and Britain both wanted control/ acces to the Mediterranean, but neither wanted the other to have that control or influence. Therefore, although the Turks were not faring well and could most likely be taken by either Russia or Great Britain, Great Britain wanted that buffer between Russia and the Mediteranean. The Ottoman Empire remained this way until it fell part even further.

Also, during the Crimean War, Russia gained territory leading to the Black Sea. 

Above is a map of the Ottoman Empires territory diminishing over time. 

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SBiFP1saRqE

Works Cited and Other Sources:

http://www.iku.edu.tr/EN/iku_gunce/SosBilSanGunceC1S2/SosBilSanC1S2_55.pdf

http://www.slideshare.net/James_Goosey/nationalist-movements

How did imperialists justify imperialism?

Key terms:
                  -Social Darwinism: theory that persons, groups, or races share subject to the same laws of natural selection that Charles Darwin had proposed

                  -Manifest Destiny: the nineteenth century doctrine that the United States had the God-given right to control the entire continent no matter how many native Americans were killed or displaced.

An example of how the United Sates justified their imperialism. 

        This picture is an example of what is called "American Exceptionalism". American Exceptionalism is the belief that America as a whole is generally superior to other cultures and nations. That by occupying a different nation and controlling their government they are actually improving that nation as a whole. This is shown in the political cartoon above. The cartoon states that before the United States invaded, the Philippines, Hawaii, Puerto Rico, Cuba, and Panama, were in a terrible state. But because of the invasions these countries were better off.

      American Exceptionalism was a springboard for another important theory, Manifest Destiny.
Around the 19th century US settlers began to move westward on a quest for land and riches. This was especially prominent during the Californian gold rush. This movement began to be viewed as an example that America had the God given right to control the continent, no matter of the consequences.

White Man's Burden

  By Rudyard Kipling 

Take up the White Man’s burden—

Send forth the best ye breed—

Go send your sons to exile

To serve your captives' need

To wait in heavy harness

On fluttered folk and wild—

Your new-caught, sullen peoples,

Half devil and half child

Take up the White Man’s burden

In patience to abide

To veil the threat of terror

And check the show of pride;

By open speech and simple

An hundred times made plain

To seek another’s profit

And work another’s gain

Take up the White Man’s burden—

And reap his old reward:

The blame of those ye better

The hate of those ye guard—

The cry of hosts ye humour

(Ah slowly) to the light:

"Why brought ye us from bondage,

“Our loved Egyptian night?”

Take up the White Man’s burden-

Have done with childish days-

The lightly proffered laurel,

The easy, ungrudged praise.

Comes now, to search your manhood

Through all the thankless years,

Cold-edged with dear-bought wisdom,

The judgment of your peers!

   

    This poem is an example of Social Darwinism, was a phrase that was first coined by scientist Herbert Spencer. The theory proposes that human beings are governed by the same laws of natural selection that were proposed by Charles Darwin. The humans that prospered were genetically superior to others who weren't as successful. This theory as shown in the poem above gave genetically superior responsibility to go and conquer the genetically inferior for their own good. 

Works Cited and Other Sources:

Rudyard Kipling, “The White Man’s Burden: The United States & The Philippine Islands, 1899.” Rudyard Kipling’s Verse: Definitive Edition (Garden City, New York: Doubleday, 1929).

What methods and tactics did industrialized states use to establishandexpand their empires?

Key terms:  

Industrialized states used numerous methods and tactics to establish and expand their empires. These included, but are not limited to: military forces, diplomatic affairs, and economical exchanges.

Tactics used to establish and expand the United States include military forces and diplomatic affairs. These are both shown when Commodore Matthew Perry, on behalf of the United States, steamed into Edo Bay, Japan (now Tokyo). He demanded to speak diplomacy with the emperor, and, even though some of the samurai class resisted, Japan signed an agreement saying that its ports would open on a regular basis. Higher Japanese officials recognized that the city was defenseless against naval bombardment. This incident is an example of militarism as a tactic to establish economic advantages in the region. Diplomacy was the tactic used by Japan to then keep itself from being exploited and/or destroyed by the United States.

                                                                           

                                            United States' forces storming into Edo.


The tactics of economics and military can be shown in the Opium War. Basically,  the British sold Opium and made a high profit off it. China, in turn, closed off trade. The British attacked China to force china to trade with the British; the British won. This is an example of economics used as a tactic for establishing and expanding the British empire due to the British making a profit off the trade of opium. another tactic used by the British in the Opium War was military; the British attacked China to force them to trade with them.






Works Cited and Other Sources:


John Green Crash Course Matthew Perry:

Opium War:

Smith, Bonnie G., Marc van de Vieroop, Richard van Glahn, and Kris Lane.

      Crossroads and Cultures: A History of the World's Peoples. United Sates of America: Bedford/  
      St. Martin's, 2012. Online.

Which states increased their influence and control over their pre-existing colonies, and which saw their influence decrease?

Some states gained control and some states saw their influence decrease. In Jamaica, the people's revolted and Jamaica lost much control. In Jamaica in the 19th century, the African slaves had no representation. Due to this, the economy was down. There were high prices, leading to starvation. The ratio of blacks to whites was 32:1 by the time of the presidential election. A petition was sent to the queen of England to ask for relief from the heavy taxation their government was opposing on them. The response, blaming the Jamaican blacks for their situation, caused a revolt against the Jamaican crown. The rebellions started with the Morant Bay Rebellion in 1865. 

The next example was a failure of rebellion. The British had a colony in South Africa; wanting to keep Africans under firmer control, on December 11, 1879, the British announced that the Zulu were going into British territory, so the British attacked. All the Zulu raised up to defend their territory. Attacking the British in turn, the Zulu defeated the British in the first battle; however, in the end, in the battle of Orke's, the British won. The Zulu suffered enormous casualties. The British  sent reinforcements down to the Zulu land and the British defeated the Zulus and divided up their kingdom.
Of course, there are numerous other examples of states gaining or losing control of colonies.  As shown throughout history, there was much back and forth between states and colonies.

                                                          The Zulu battling the British.

 In 1536, Spanish colonists founded a settlement in the area now known as Paraguay, merging with the Guarani people in the area. Following, in the 17th century, Jesuit missionaries settled in southern Paraguay. They were centers of religious conversion, trade, and agricultural production. In attempts to overthrow the Jesuit settlement, the Spanish and Portuguese launched an attack. They drove the Jesuits out in 1767. A decade later, a new viceroyalty was formed. The viceroyalty of the Rio de la Plata fell within their jurisdiction.  Rio de la Plata’s capital, Buenos Aires, was the center of all economic activity in the region. Therefore, the leaders of Paraguay began to resent the fact that they had no representation. Not only Paraguay was upset; in 1810, Argentina declared independence from Spain. Paraguay did not want to comply with the Argentineans declaration of independence, so, in 1811, the Argentinian army attacked Paraguay in an attempt to force it to comply. In the same year, Paraguay’s militia defeated the Argentine army. After this, the Spanish governor was afraid the Argentinians would attack again. Asking for military assistance from the Spanish, Paraguayans overthrew the governor on May 14, 1811.

Videos:

              Zulu against British-

                             

               Jamaican-

                              
               
                     

Works Cited:

Cavanaugh, Jake. The Cause of the Morant Bay Rebellion:1865. N.p., n.d. Web. 11  Mar., 2014.
Anglo-Zulu Wars: 1879-1896. South African History Online: towards a people's history. Electronic.
      11 Mar., 2014.

What are the similarities & differences between colonialism andimperialism?

Key terms: 

                 Colonialism- the establishment of settler communities in areas ruled by various powers

                 Imperialism- a policy of extending a country's power and influence through diplomacy or 

                                    military force

Basically, imperialism is ruling foreign countries the same way as ruling over the home country.

In turn, colonialism is having governing influence over a dependent group of people, who answer to the overhead power.

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Videos: John Green Imperialism

Works Cited:

Smith, Bonnie G., Marc van de Vieroop, Richard van Glahn, and Kris Lane.

      Crossroads and Cultures: A History of the World's Peoples. United Sates of America: Bedford/  
      St. Martin's, 2012. Online.